Unit 4 Reflection

One of the things I struggled with was
trying to remember the difference between
T cells and B cells

Themes and Essential Understandings

This unit was mainly about the integumentary and immune systems of the body, or the "defenders" of the body. Some key themes that were revisited throughout this unit were how certain aspects of our anatomy protect us from the environment or biological invaders, and what physiological ways our body can get rid of disease/prevent disease from happening to us.

Strengths/Weaknesses

Strengths that I had during this unit, in terms of the topics that we were learning, were learning mostly about the various parts of the integumentary system and what methods of defense our body had for things that hadn't entered the body: for example, the existence of secretions like sebum, sweat, and tears and certain parts of our anatomy like skin, hair and nails in order to ward off unwanted pathogens. Some weaknesses that I encountered in this unit were trying to keep straight the often complicated processes of white blood cells and the way that cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity differentiated, probably because we didn't have as many literal representations of what we were learning this unit, as there were no labs. As for the ways that I learnt and collaborated during this unit, I think that I improved more on understanding(or trying to) the viewpoints of others, whether in my group or on the opposing side, especially during debates, and becoming a more active participant in group activities overall, as well as during lectures, which I found to be more interesting this unit. Additionally, I think that I was more conscious of the effort that I put into doing both classwork and homework, as the management of the workload this unit for me seemed much better than previously.

What I Learned

From the experience of deepening my knowledge about the protection that our body has against outside factors, I have gained not only a more comprehensive understanding of how our anatomy and physiology help us maintain the utmost health, but also a better sense of information that pertains to many health crises today. For example, skin cancer, which I had not learned much about before, was fully explained in the Integumentary System Notes, and by learning the different types of skin cancer and how to spot melanoma through the ABCD rule, I feel more informed as a future self-sufficient individual on how to handle a situation with this kind of illness. The multiple defenses set up by our body externally and internally against pathogens was also fascinating to me, and learning that our body has protections against most pathogens(non-specific responses) and also protections from individual pathogens that resist the prior levels (specific responses) helped enlighten me on the insurmountable importance of the immune system, relating to things that I have heard others say. As for the debate, I learned more on the topic of the black market for organs that I would have ever known, including facts about organ donation and multiple plans for the future of transplants that would drastically improve rates of receiving a necessary organ; I found that the debate was able to convey as much information as a typical in class lecture, if not more, whether one was sitting and listening to the debates or participating in one, except that it was far more fun and interesting. These activities have made me a better student today than yesterday, by invigorating my interest in topics that I would have normally never thought about, and I hope that I will be able to keep up this rate of academic progress as the school year continues. Things that I would like to learn more about would be the how physical conditions from various maladies would affect the nonspecific resistances that we have(for example, having a dry mouth), and also other ways that sickness can be detected from purely external examination(like of the tongue or skin) because those were things that I was intrigued by in Chapter 5 of the textbook.

How I Learn

On the VARK Questionnaire, the results that I got were 7 for visual, 12 for aural, 6 for read/write, and

I tend to learn aurally the most,
so I should adjust my studying
to that

6 for kinesthetic, meaning that I have a mild aural learning preference. I was only slightly surprised, since I figured that most of the time, I would rather ask for a person-to-person explanation if I had a question, and I really like to talk things out with others/review through quizzing with another person; however, I had expected my kinesthetic score to not be that low, considering that if I am being taught any kind of choreography for color guard, I need to try it myself while it is being taught. Currently, I ask a lot of questions in class if I am ever confused, whether that be to any of my teachers or peers that I feel know the answer, and continue to quiz others(and vice versa) prior to a test in order to determine what I need to review more. I also tend to read and take notes over anything and everything that we learned, since apparently writing things down improves memory of those things. Things that I could do more to study better might be going over podcasts or, in some cases, trying to draw out visual representations of things that I need to know and creating graphic organizers to gather all the information that I have learned in a comprehensive manner.

Works Cited

BAutomation. Listening/Aural Learning Icon. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 13 Aug. 2014. Web. 2 Dec. 2016. 

Blaus, Bruce. T cell. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., 30 Sept. 2013. Web. 2 Dec. 2016.

Wellness Day Project and Reflection

Our Wellness Day presentation can be seen here: Wellness Day Presentation

Reflection:

First of all, I chose the topic of tai chi because I felt that it met all of the requirements of this project: it was something that I was familiar with but also interested to try learning about and executing myself, as well as a topic that I felt was obscure enough that my peers could learn a lot about. My father has practiced this type of martial arts since I was young, and watching him do it has always been fascinating to me, so I decided to take a shot at trying it out and seeing for myself how it really was. I had touched on the topic of tai chi during school only once before, in a middle school PE unit, and having forgotten really what was taught during that time, I felt that Wellness Day was a perfect time to revisit that time and bond with my dad even more. Some interesting things that I learned while preparing was that, as I mentioned during our presentation, tai chi is indeed way harder than it looks. It took at least probably 5 hours of practice for Michelle and I to memorize the small portion of the 24-movement tai chi sequence that we used in our activity, and I was able to gain newfound appreciation and admiration for my dad and other people who practice this kind of martial arts. Not only was tai chi difficult to memorize, but the physical taxation of doing it strangely fascinating to me. I was also surprised at the ability that only a small amount of tai chi in my life could calm me; even after our short stint during the Wellness Day activity, I felt infinitely more relaxed and focused than I would be during any other Anatomy & Physiology class after lunch, when I usually feel drowsy. On the topic of general health and wellness that tai chi provides, there are numerous studies proving the long–term mental and physical benefits of practicing this art. Despite the misconceptions of being effortless and straightforward, tai chi has been known to improve the general balance, flexibility and strength of an individual with its almost painfully slow and deliberate movements, and in a way, not using external equipment produces an entirely different challenge in itself. Instead of relying on machines and tools to stretch and strengthen muscles and bones, one has to achieve seemingly impossible positions while looking smooth and graceful all the while. In terms of alleviating certain illnesses, tai chi reduces the risk of, in some cases, arthritis, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, and muscle atrophy in older adults, whereas practicing from a young age not only helps people stay ahead of the game in terms of health, but also assists in improving their attention span. Usually, people who practice tai chi find a connection between the mind and body, and use tai chi in a way similar to meditation or mindfulness, which we learned in class, to focus their minds and concentrate on their breathing and movements. The breathing aspect of tai chi is consequently hugely beneficial to the inducement of the parasympathetic nervous system, as the controlled breathing causes the sympathetic nervous system and feelings of stress to subside. I feel that I would give myself a 9.5/10 because I believe that the effort that I put into our project was quite a lot, and the balance of work between me and Michelle was mostly even. In the future, I think I would be interested to learn more about how long it takes to fully master tai chi, and what other “practical” defenses can be found in many of the movements of tai chi, since I found it really interesting to learn from my dad where the “Parting the Wild Horse’s Mane” move really came from.

Unit 3 Reflection

Themes and Essential Understandings

This unit is basically about the importance of cardiovascular health, and aspects of its parts that help it carry out its various functions. The cardiovascular system first starts off with the heart, which pumps blood throughout the body to transport oxygen. Entering through the superior and inferior vena cava to pass through the right atrium and tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, deoxygenated blood makes its way finally out of the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to pick up more  oxygen. On its way back to the parts of the body that need it, the reinvigorated blood travels from the pulmonary veins to the left atria, and passes through the bicuspid valve to go into the left ventricle, where it then exits through the aortic valve and aorta to go to other places in the body.

Brandenburg, Bryan. Human Heart and Circulatory System. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., 18 Jan. 2013. Web. 8 Nov. 2016.

A related system is the respiratory system, where air enters through the nose and mouth to travel down to the lungs, where the bronchus branches out into various bronchioles that later transition into being alveoli that exchanges carbon dioxide with oxygen. Cardiovascular health is the ability for the heart and blood vessels to work efficiently in transporting needed materials, so that the body's processes of consuming oxygen and defending against foreign invaders are not inhibited. Heart disease and stroke are often caused by unhealthy diets with too much sodium and unrestricted carbohydrates and alcohol, as well as a lack of exercise and obesity.

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Stroke Hemorrhagic. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., 12 Nov. 2013. Web. 8 Nov. 2016.

Gandhi, Ravindra. Heart Attack Anatomy. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., 11 May 2007. Web. 8 Nov. 2016.

Atherosclerosis, which is the depositing of plaque on the walls of blood vessels, is a precursor to both strokes and heart attacks and strokes, and is often caused by the ingestion of too much LDL and not enough HDL. This can cause problems when the plaque inside blood vessels blocks blood flow, or breaks off and gets stuck faster down the vessel where it is thinner. To promote my own cardiovascular health, I could exercise more each day, as well as eating foods richer in HDL and cutting down on my LDL intake. Additionally, I could check if there is a history of heart disease within my family, to be more aware of the risks that I could have. I wish to learn more about why men and older people are more likely to have high blood pressure, and whether that is due to anatomical differences or just the general lifestyles of that demographic.

Strengths/Weaknesses

During this unit, some of my strengths were being more responsible when doing homework and being able to say that I did my best work when it was being checked off. Again, however, I was not as diligent with my studying and was unable to properly space out my studying, so this will definitely be a point of focus for me for the rest of the semester. I think in terms of working with others, I definitely was able to gain a lot more insight into certain ideas, as well as absorbing the enthusiasm and knowledge of some of my group mates. One thing that I am still unsure about is the specific functions of the different white blood cells, as well as the specific functions and workings of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.

Heart Dissection Lab

1. The purpose of the pericardium is to protect the heart and surround it in a tight wrapping to prevent it from possibly tearing apart from the force of its beating. It also lubricates the outside of the heart to prevent friction.
2. Arteries seem to be substantially thicker and have ridges on the inside, whereas veins are smooth on the inside and much thinner.
3. The auricles serves as extensions of the atria to allow for more blood to fill the heart. Being that they feel very elastic when stretched, it probably expands to let much more blood in than would regularly enter the atrium.
4. The exterior appearance of the ventricles, at first sight, seem to be a darker tissue as compared to the atria. The atria also are packed with much more visceral fat than the ventricles.
5. The exit of the coronary sinus can be seen on the posterior side of the heart, and unfortunately was blocked to the eye by the massive amount of fat covering the area of the right atria.

The posterior view of the heart

The exit from the inferior vena cava was also cut off from our heart, but would have been located at the end of the extension of the superior vena cava.

The right atrioventricular valve, or the tricuspid valve is white in color, and has branches connecting it to the papillary muscles, which are presumably the chordae tendinae.

6. The tricuspid valve looks as such:

7. The anchoring of the heart valves by the chordae tendinae and the papillary muscle are important to heart function because it prevents the valve from caving in on itself, and allowing backflow of the blood to happen.

8. The white chordae tendinae can be seen, and there are ridges inside of the auricle. The endocardium of the left atrium is shiny and pale as compare to the myocardium that we cut into.

Cut inside the pulmonary vein

9. The function of the semi-lunar valves are to prevent artery blood from re-entering the heart.

10a. This might happen because that is where the inferior vena cava is, and backflow in that area might send unnecessary blood back to where it was coming from, which is the lower half of the body.

b. You might expect to see complications such as shortness of breath if valve disease occurs in the left side of the body, because the pulmonary veins and the pulmonary artery are located in that general area; lack of efficiency in these parts of the heart means that pathway of deoxygenated blood to the lungs as well as the oxygenated blood from the lungs is impaired as well, causing both the heart and the lungs to work harder.

11.The chordae tendinae look like cartilage, and the papillary muscle as expected creates a thicker amount of tissue to cut through. 

Cut into the aorta

12. The left side of the heart is much more spacious and also meatier in the myocardium surrounding the atria as compared to the right side of the heart, most likely because there needs to be more muscle to pump blood throughout the body as compared to just the heart.

13. On the right side of the heart, we can see the right ventricle, and on the left side, the left left ventricle. The interventricular septum and atrioventricular septum separate the two chambers as the meaty barrier in between. The epicardium layer is the outermost layer, with the myocardium being the reddish flesh in the middle, and the endocardium lining the inside of the 2 ventricles that can be seen in the photo. Other features are labeled on the photo.

Heart Video:

Extra Credit:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AH0IbrhdpA8

Mid-Unit Summary

Throughout this unit concerning the circulatory system and the heart, we have been learning about the functions of the circulatory system, key organs and parts of the body used in the system, and how the system looks like in dysfunction and proper function. The first thing that we covered was a general overview on the parts of the heart and how blood goes through it. The heart has four chambers(the right/left atria, and the right/left ventricles), and the tricuspid and biscuspid valves lay between atria and ventricles, while the semilunar valves are located where the ventricles meet the pulmonary artery or aorta. 

A simple diagram of the heart

As for the transportation of blood, the deoxygenated blood first travels through the right atrium and right ventricle(passing through the tricuspid valve) before reaching the lungs to pick up more oxygen. The newly reoxygenated blood is then sent back to the heart through the left atrium and left ventricle(on its way past the bicuspid valve) to be sent throughout the body to be used. Electrical signals from the heart's nodal system motivate the heart to pump. Other parts of the circulatory system include the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aortic arch/trunk, common carotid artery, renal vein and artery, and mesentric arteries which connect the lungs, brain, kidneys, heart, small intestine, and large intestine to each other.

Blood vessels are another aspect of the circulatory system, and can be divided into the general terms of arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, and veins, which carry blood to the heart. Veins have one-way valves and store most of the blood volume in the body due to their thinner walls, while arteries are more elastic and contractile to force blood to the areas that need it.

Knowing the general anatomy and physiology of not just blood vessels, but the body in general, we can determine why something is not working in the proper way. Atherosclerosis, as seen from the reading, has the myth of being just clogged particles of fat, but in actuality is much more complicated than that, consisting of a plaque made up of our own inflammatory response entangled with lipoproteins(transporting LDL cholesterol throughout the body) that get stuck in the layers of the arterial wall. Inflammation, which may seem helpful when used for certain functions of the body, in this case is hugely detrimental to our health, illustrating how the natural processes of our body can work against us at times. Aneurysms, on the other hand, which can be just as problematic as atherosclerosis, are the excessive stretching of blood vessels to the point where the walls of those vessels become fragile, even to the point of bursting.

Inside blood vessels, blood, which is composed of cells and plasma, flows. There are three main types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, which all have their own purposes in fighting infections and transporting needed nutrients. Diseases such as leukemia, HIV/AIDs, and sickle cell anemia are all examples of dysfunction in the blood, demonstrating how important upkeep of our health is in preventing these diseases.

If there is something wrong with any any aspect of the circulatory system, that tends to lead up to having cardiovascular disease, which could be anything from a heart attack to a stroke. Heart attacks and strokes are often a result of atherosclerosis, which as mentioned before, starts with the consumption of too many foods rich in LDL, often referred to as "bad", cholesterol. Heart attacks are when the supply of blood to the myocardium becomes impaired to the point of killing off cells, and strokes are when the supply of blood to the brain gets cut off. With the risks of heart attacks including cardiac arrest, and strokes being permanent damage to mobility and self-sufficiency, people should be more motivated to prevent situations from ever reaching that point. As the reading "A Strike Against Stroke" points out, stroke should not be something that people should wait for to happen; choices like exercising more, consuming healthier fats rich in HDL as opposed to LDL, and decreasing the intakes of both sodium and alcohol can and will help with lowering the chances of getting a stroke, and people should choose to make these choices before it's too late.

Works Cited

Ma, Kelvin. Artery. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 13 Aug. 2016. Web. 27 Oct. 2016.

Ma, Kelvin. Vein. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., 6 Oct. 2016. Web. 27 Oct. 2016.

Blood Pressure Lab

1. The systole is what produces the "lub" sound when listing to one's heartbeat, and are caused by the opening of the aortic and pulmonary valves, and the closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. On the other hand, diastole is when the opposite happens, when the semilunar valves close and the atrioventricular valves open. Thus, systolic pressure is the pressure when the ventricles contract and diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure in the arteries before the next contraction of the ventricles.

2. Heart rate is measured by either one's hand or a stethoscope. You measure blood pressure by using a stethoscope with a sphymomanometer.

3. Using your thumb to measure pulse may mess up the counting of the other person's pulse, because it emits a pulse as well.

4. First, secure the sphymomanometer to the patient's arm. Stick the end of the stethocope underneath the band, slightly above the elbow, and make sure that the pump is securely closed before pumping the sphymomanometer until the pressure reaches about 150. Then, slowly twist the screw on the pump until air is being let out slowly, and take notice of the number at which you can hear the heartbeat, which is the systolic pressure. The second number you should include would be when you can no longer hear the heart beating is the diastolic pressure.

Heart Chalk Walk

For this assignment, we were tasked with drawing a human heart out of chalk in the hallways. We then walked through the heart, listing out the specific route that blood takes when it travels through the heart and body, as shown by the video below. Deoxygenated blood first enters through the superior and inferior vena cava, coming from the body where the oxygen was last dropped off. These veins lead right into the right atrium, and then pass through the tricuspid valve to get to the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps blood back out through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, where the blood is sent immediately to the lungs to pluck up more oxygen. The newly oxygenated blood then travels from the lung to the pulmonary veins, which opens up to the left atrium. Oxygenated blood is pumped through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle, where it is then pumped out through aortic valve and aorta to reach parts of the body where oxygen is necessary. The cycle then repeats itself over and over again, picking up and dropping oxygen throughout the body. 

Unit 2 Reflection

Themes and Essential Understandings

FAIL. Digital image. Flickr. Yahoo, 17 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.

Health is the culmination of a person's nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress, and social habits, which all collaborate to determine that person's overall level of wellness. In terms of my own health, I feel that I am definitely not reaching my highest potential, and a number of things can be done to improve my general health. The people at SHS, students especially, are also not the healthiest, due to the massive amount of stress that I know that people feel concerning grades and the subsequent lack of sleep that students are resorted to adopting in order to do all the things they want to. Things that could be done to promote healthier lifestyles of the people on campus would be reducing stress given to students by giving out less "busywork" to do at home and providing time before tests or at the beginning of class for students to meditate and relax before doing whatever they need to do. The essential takeaways from this unit were that good health is entirely dependent on the care that a person has in ensuring that their nutrition, sleep, stress levels, exercise, and social interactions are sufficient/in balance, and that a deficiency in any of these categories could lead to a worse quality of life. Overall, things that I gleaned from this unit were the importance of maintaining the 5 Pillars of Health, and the consequences that one can face when some of the needs for each category aren't met. For example, a key to regulating nutrition is incorporating enough varied nutrients in one's diet, whilst still keeping in check the excess consumption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, which could eventually lead to insulin resistance and even diabetes.

Falcon Market

Nutritional Analysis

 Some things that I think I still do not fully understand after this unit are the final calculations of the Nutrition Analysis; somehow the numbers that I calculated for how many calories that I should be eating per day did not match up with the numbers I calculated for the Falcon Market.

In the next unit, I hope to not only try and be more active and regular in my studying, so that studying for the unit test isn't put off until the last moment, but also to to apply things that I have learned in this unit to any topics that we may learn about in the future.

Being a chiropractor was one occupation that I could find relating to this unit. The job description entails     using specific techniques to stimulate spinal movement and improve certain bodily functions without the use of drugs; however, the reason why I chose to relate this career to our unit is that it not only focuses on the physiology of the body, but also apparently the dietary/nutritional aspects of health. 

After the conclusion of this unit, the entire class filled out a Goals Sheet for health as a basis for what we want to accomplish in terms of bettering our health individually.

Sleep Diary

From this Sleep Diary assignment, I was able to discern much more than the average times that I woke up an slept at. After recording several pieces of data for 6 days(we started on a Wednesday) I calculated averages for how much I slept at night, how many times that I woke up at night, number of caffeinated beverages I had throughout the week as well, and the results surprised me. On average, I had about 8 hours of sleep throughout the week, which was more than I was expecting; I usually went to bed at 12:15, no matter what part of the week it was, and woke up at 8:00 on average, considering that I had a few free firsts on school days. As I expected, on typical schools days where I had only slept for 7 hours or less, my overall energy levels were slow to reach peak alertness, and crashed much sooner than on days such as Saturday, where the added hours to my sleep schedule kept me wide awake into times when I would have been way drowsier otherwise. Seeing the effects of my sleep on my overall productivity and ability to concentrate has helped convince me of the extreme importance that sleep has on our health. Even a few hours missing from my sleep schedule, which I previously through nothing of, really affected me more than I thought in terms of sleepiness during the day, and led to me having to take short naps during the day when I could have been doing more productive things such as homework.      

                        

Nutrition Analysis

Throughout this week, I monitored my diet to see the amount of calories and nutrients were going into my body every day, and I have to admit, I was a bit surprised at the results. According to the chart, the average Calorie intake I had per day was lower than what was recommended for a person my size and activity level, and was actually 37.7% recommended amount. Instead of it being 2329 Calories per day, which is what it should have been, I apparently only ate an average of 1450.4 Calories per day of this week, which means that consequently, I lacked a number of nutrients in my diet. I may attribute my poor amount of Calorie intake to the stress of junior year, but the truth of the matter is that without the proper nourishment in calories, I was unable to meet the standard requirements for most of the nutrients that I recorded throughout the week. Of all of the nutrients that I tracked this week, only one stood out as being above the recommended amount: vitamin C. In my vitamin C intake, there was a staggering 98% increased amount that I had eaten on average every day, and I had approximately 68.99 mg too much vitamin C in my diet per day. One day that I found to be especially Vitamin C heavy was on day 5, where I had 323.32 mg of Vitamin C. The majority of my Vitamin C intake came from fruits like jujubes and magos, which I might have had too much of throughout the week contributing to the vast excess of Vitamin C in my average diet. To improve my current eating diet, I should probably look to cut down on fruits containing excessive amounts of Vitamin C, although the amounts of vitamin A in these foods may affect my vitamin A intake as well. In comparison, however, the amount of of iron in my diet was the most deficient, at 62.3% below the recommended amount of 20.96 mg. A lack of iron in any diet can lead to consequences including fatigue and headaches, so some things that I can do to improve this deficiency in my diet would be to eat more iron rich foods such as red meats, dark leafy greens, and iron-fortified cereals, breads, and pastas. One thing that I do need to keep an eye on would be the protein and carbohydrate values that each of these iron-rich foods have, because those are both nutrients that I am not lacking extensively in, and “overcarbsumption” may lead to various other health problems including hormone imbalance and diabetes. One other nutrient that I am supposedly severely lacking in would be the amount of fat, or lipid, that I ingested every day. One would think that fat would be one of the more excessively consumed nutrients for someone living in America, but that is apparently not the case. My diet was 35% deficient in fats, straying 26.5 g less than the recommended amount of 75.7 g of fat. One thing to look out for when adding more fats to my diet, nonetheless, would be the introduction of trans fats into my diet, because hydrogenated oils and the like are terrible for the body considering that they are not naturally exposed to the body. Some healthier fats to incorporate into my diet would be pine nuts, avocado, and olive oil. Out of the 8 nutrients that I documented in that week, I found two nutrients that were relatively well met with the recommended amount. Protein was one of them, with only a 0.4% excess per day, and part of the reason that I think I did so well on this nutrient was the fact that I incorporated meats such as pork and fish into my diet. For example, the sushi that I ate on day 1 played a large part in my overall protein intake, especially the yellowtail sashimi, which amounted to a total of 13.12 g of protein. 

Another nutrient that did less than abysmal was my vitamin A intake. The deficiency that I had for vitamin A was only 13.8%, which separated itself from the more drastic deficiencies I had in

the other nutritional categories. Some key players in supporting the recommended amount of vitamin A in my diet would be foods like bok choy, which had approximately 476.8 Retinol Equivalents of vitamin A per ⅓ cup. 

Foods that bolstered my protein and vitamin A intake somewhat made my otherwise lacking diet less terrible, though they certainly do not pardon the lack of most other nutrients that my diet had. My general take away from this assignment would be to pay more attention to what goes into my body, and be cognizant of the effects of having deficiencies in nutrients on the body.

Works Cited

Brooking, Katherine. "18 Fat-Rich Foods That Are Good for You." LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 16 May 2016. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

"Calorie Counter." Free , Diet & Exercise Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

"Food and Nutrition Service." Food and Nutrition Service. United States Department of Agriculture, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

"International Units of Vitamin A." International Units of Vitamin A. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

"Iron Deficiency Anemia." Prevention. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2 Jan. 2014. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

"List of Countries." Papa John's Pizza. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

"Welcome to the USDA Food Composition Databases." Welcome to the USDA Food Composition Database. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2016. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.

Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 25 Sept. 2016.